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author: Igor Chepyegin
Urgency of the research. The philosophical-anthropological conceptualization of political geography is highly relevant and important in the modern world. Growing changes in geopolitical, cultural, and social aspects demand a deep understanding of the interaction between geography and anthropology in a political context.
Target setting. In this research, we aim to explore the main concepts of philosophical-anthropological political geography, including geographic determinism, anthropological approaches, and the influence of globalization.
Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Philosophical dimensions of space, society, and communities hold great significance today and have been the subject of study by both domestic and Western scholars. This theme has deep roots in philosophy and geography, with initial approaches linking the development of nations and peoples to their territories. These views found expression in geographic determinism, as seen in the works of Montesquieu, and the ideas of “geosophy” by J. K. Wright.
The research objective. The primary goal of this study is to provide a philosophical perspective on the complex nature of politics in the context of its interaction with various aspects of the geographical and cultural environment.
The statement of basic materials. The anthropological approach to political geography sheds light on the role of sociocultural factors in political processes, including: the influence of cultural values, religious beliefs, traditions, and language policies on political activities. The interplay between culture and politics, particularly in the perception of political candidates and the formation of political identities. The impact of globalization on political geography and the challenges it poses to politics and geopolitics. Globalization affects politics and society by: increasing interdependence among countries and regions. Necessitating adaptation to changes in the global system and the development of effective political strategies. Influencing national political systems through global economics, international trade, and organizations. Contemporary challenges and opportunities include: collaborative international decision-making and addressing global issues, such as climate change and mass migration. The role of the internet and social media in political communication, mobilization of civil society, and the dissemination of political information.
Conclusions: In summary, it is important to underscore that the philosophical-anthropological conceptualization of political geography is highly relevant in the modern world. The world is undergoing significant changes in geopolitical, cultural, and social dimensions, demanding a profound understanding of the interconnectedness between politics, culture, and space.
Keywords: philosophy, political geography, anthropology, space, conceptualization
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author: Oksana Ponomarenko
Urgency of the research. Recently, the Ukrainian education system has undergone significant methodological and organizational transformations driven by both the development of information technologies and the universal demand for integrity within the educational environment. Adhering to academic integrity involves not only compliance with legislatively established rules but also an internal, profound alignment of participants in the educational process with the moral principles of responsibility ethics. This postulate, particularly in Ukrainian contexts, requires enhanced argumentation. The article discusses the search for ethical foundations in conditions of war, which simultaneously serves as a condition and an uncompromising requirement for the moral self-realization of individuals during times of great tension and uncertainty. This is why the article turns to ethical guidelines from ancient aretology.
Target setting. Virtue ethics, rooted in Aristotle's moral philosophy, holds significant potential to assist modern individuals in shaping moral guidelines, indicating a path towards personal flourishing and societal well-being. Virtue ethics allows for context consideration and flexible responses to complex situations, fostering the interaction between personal interests and the common good.
Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Framing the problem in this aspect involves referring to the works of Elizabeth Anscombe, Alasdair MacIntyre, Philippa Foot, Rosalind Hursthouse, Roger Crisp, and Edith Hall. The issue of academic integrity has been addressed in the research of V. Romakin, T. Finikova, A. Artyukhov, M. Grynyova, L. Ryzhak, O. Tsokur, Y. Kalinovsky, V. Khmarsky and others.
The research objective. Unveiling the creative potential of aretological ethics and its applicability in crafting a strategy of integrity and its effective implementation in the academic, cultural, and socio-political realms of contemporary Ukraine.
The statement of basic materials. Changes in moral philosophy from Aristotle to the present day are shaped by diverse historical, cultural, and philosophical influences. In the mid-20th century, normative ethics was dominated by two theories: deontology, inspired by the 18th-century philosopher Immanuel Kant, and utilitarianism, rooted in the philosophies of Jeremy Bentham and J.S. Mill. Elizabeth Anscombe, in her work “Modern Moral Philosophy” (1958), highlighted a legalistic shift in ethics, suggesting a departure from viewing virtues as mere duties or obligations, advocating a return to Aristotle's approach where virtues are seen as key qualities of character aimed at human flourishing. Anscombe's work sparked a revival of virtue ethics. Philosophers like Philippa Foot, Rosalind Hursthouse, Edith Hall, and others contributed to the rehabilitation and development of virtue ethics, emphasizing Aristotle's moral philosophy. These philosophers seek not only to revive but also to adapt Aristotle's teachings on virtue to the demands of modern society, addressing contemporary challenges. Their contributions have significantly influenced the development of normative ethics, expanding discussions and examining aspects of virtue in the context of contemporary moral theories.
Conclusions. The implementation of academic integrity strategies in the complex and multifaceted modern Ukrainian contexts requires systematic and careful adherence to ethical standards in the educational environment and the practical realization of an ethical enlightenment project among the general population. The theoretical underpinnings of this project should be based on the universal principles of aretological ethics. Aristotle's idea of virtue, as a guiding force for achieving human well-being, takes on new meaning in contemporary conditions, contributing to the harmonious development of personality and the strengthening of moral foundations in the modern world. Even considering that socio-cultural contexts have changed, the key aspects of Aristotle's virtue concept remain relevant and valuable for moral development and personal flourishing in the modern world. In this context, virtues become a crucial foundation for shaping a holistic personality and defining moral conduct.
Keywords: aretological ethics, academic integrity, education, virtue, moral obligation, deontology, utilitarianism
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author: Natalya Korol
Urgency of the research. The drama and scale of the situation in which Ukraine found itself with the beginning of an active period of Russian aggression necessitate a paradigmatic understanding of matters that allow us to understand the behaviour (and motivation) of our geopolitical neighbors. In this research, we will describe Poland and the determinants of its worldview and, therefore, its geopolitical self-positioning.
Target setting. One of the structural elements of national identity is the concept of territory (homeland). In the Polish national consciousness, the concept of its own territory, and with it the concept of a homeland, is very often marginalized. To replace him in the epicentre of humanitarian studios, the concept of “kresy” arises.
Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The historiography of kresy studies can be structured according to the bipolar principle. On the one hand, a set of studies performed in a nostalgic-apologetic direction. The opposite pole of humanitarian discourse is represented by attempts to comprehend the phenomenon of “kresy” by applying the anti-colonial paradigm.
The research objective. Given the historical overlay of territories that are both “native land/homeland” for Ukrainians and kresy/borderland for the Polish nation, it is worth attempting to rethink the etymology and historical evolution of the concept of “kresy” in the context of its significance for national self-identification. It is also advisable to outline within which methodological approaches it is possible to carry out a scientific study of the phenomenon of kresy as a space of borderland and an element of national identity.
The statement of basic materials. To consider the correlation between the concept of the fatherland and the concept of kresy as a border territory itself (borderland), it is worth turning to the historical past in order to understand the process of evolution of the semantic and conceptual content of the concept of “kresy” Each stage of changing the semantic content of the concept of kresy can be correlated with a certain methodological paradigm, which allows us to comprehend its role in the history, culture, and politics of Poland. Accordingly, the kresy phenomenon can be considered in various paradigms: grand narrative, memory studies, and postcolonial.
Conclusions. Kresy embodies the idea of the quintessence of “Polishness” sometimes replacing the concept of the homeland and national territory. Given the modern civilizational and cultural situation and the new establishment of the boundaries of civilizations, the joint efforts of scientists in rethinking the borderland (and kresy) as a space of a common civilizational frontier are necessary.
Keywords: borderland, national identity, national consciousness, Kresy, postcolonial discourse, narrative
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author: Oleksii Vasyliev
Urgency of the research. Significant demand for biographical and autobiographical works as fiction and scientific reading in recent decades has been accompanied by the so-called “biographical turn” in humanities, in particular philosophy. In this connection, the relevance of determining the scientific-methodological and practical life-creating potential in the self-reflective practice of creating a biography/autobiography is growing.
Target setting. There is a controversy surrounding the question of whether the biographical approach has sufficient methodological potential. Biographers see an inseparable connection between the biography of an individual and the socio-cultural conditions of his existence. Anti-biographers separate science from the biography of a scientist, and deny the importance of studying the life circumstances of individuals for a better understanding of their scientific and creative achievements.
Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. A significant impetus for understanding and involvement of the scientific potential embedded in the life description practices was given in works of F. Schleiermacher, V. Dilthey, K. Jaspers, J.-P. Sartre, R. Rorty. Ukrainian scientists O. Valevskyi, V. Horskyi, I. Holubovych, A. Tsyapa, V. Menzhulin have especially carefully worked out the biographical discourse within the framework of philosophical science and have derived some thorough, in our opinion, methodological principles
The research objective. This research examines biography and autobiography as a socio-cultural and cultural-anthropological phenomenon by identifying the differences and similarities between them. We will also explore fiction and/or falsified biography as a self-reflective practice and explore its methodological potential in relation to reality. We will also consider autobiographical practices using vivid examples of the pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrialeras
The statement of basic materials. Differences between biography and autobiography at the socio-cultural and cultural-anthropological level can be of fundamental importance in the case when the biography serves as a practice of distinguishing between the “I” of the narrator and the Others. The difference between the two genres becomes fundamental at the level of consideration of the character against the background of his social environment, historical and cultural circumstances. An important question for modern researchers is the border that separates the autobiographical narrative, which strives to be as close as possible to reality, from the imaginary or even deliberately constructed. Perhaps the most important work that reflects the transition from ancient memoirs, epistles and self-reflective lyrics, as well as the genre of medieval hagiography to autobiography itself, is the “Confessions” of Augustine Aurelius, in which many researchers see the first complete work built using psychological introspection. Autobiography as a separate genre in the modern sense took shape at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries, standing out from other works that contained elements of self-reflection, subjectivity, and authorial self-identification. In the post-industrial era, biographical/autobiographical collisions take on the most sophisticated form and vividly express the relationship between the individual and society. The conflict on the boundary of Self/Other deepens, the importance of the connection between the author's life and his work increases in public consciousness, which turns into a kind of reaction of the most sensitive authors to the trends of the era.
Conclusions. Biography/autobiography in a broad sense can be a practice of awareness, rethinking and mutual reflection of socio-cultural, philosophical and cultural-anthropological phenomena through the prism of experience and self-reflection practices of an individual. That is, we can consider biography/autobiography as a kind of bridge between narrative and existential dimensions. From the point of view of the methodological potential, the biographical approach cannot build a methodological justification from itself and needs a justification that refers to a higher level of the humanitarian paradigm.
Key words: autobiography, autofiction, life writing, mystification, falsification, fiction, self-representation, self-reflection
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author: Maksym Biryuk
Urgency of the research. Integration into the Western legal field, where equality is the most fundamental value, is one of the important steps in bringing our country closer to full membership in the European Union.
Target setting. Focusing exclusively on the legal aspect of the problem, on compliance with the law, should not hide the fact that the idea of equality is a deeper philosophical problem. Equality as a moral value is culturally determined, depends on the worldview and ideological framework, on one or another paradigm of socio-political thought. The struggle against inequality as injustice for the purpose of affirming human dignity is existential in nature.
Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. In the analysis of the ideas of social equality, inequality and justice through the prism of the main ideological paradigms of political philosophy, we rely on the ideas of the classics of philosophical thought (Plato, Aristotle, J. de Maistre, K. Marx, A. Camus) and on modern theorists of egalitarianism (J. Rawls, J. Pole, H. Phelps Brown, F. Hayek, R. Dworkin, etc.).
The research objective. First, we will consider the different gradations of social equality, and look at the main arguments in favor of equality from the point of view of egalitarianism. Next, we will analyze how the idea of equality is interpreted in three key ideological traditions (paradigms) of Western social and political thought: liberalism, socialism, and conservatism.
The statement of basic materials. The main gradations of social equality are considered, in particular, formal equality, equality of treatment, equality of opportunities, equality of consideration. It is noted that the philosophy of conservatism, as nostalgia for the state system of the ancient regime, denies equality and acts as an apologist for social inequality expressed in the idea of natural aristocracy. The philosophy of liberalism focuses attention on the formal aspects of equality before the law and political equality. Liberalism is based on the idea of meritocracy, where the equality of starting opportunities allows us to reveal the inequality of human potential. If the tradition of liberalism is characterized by a combination of the ideas of equality and individualism, then for socialism equality is necessarily connected with the idea of the dominance of the collective over the individual. The highest non-ideological gradation of equality is equality of consideration, which can also be called the ontological equality of all people.
Conclusions. Certain gradations of social equality have been established, which are stages of gradual overcoming of inequality. Formal “equality before the law” based on the principle of like for like, equality of opportunities and equality of consideration were considered. It is noted that the philosophy of conservatism is characterized by a zero degree of equality, the philosophy of liberalism is characterized by a reliance on formal equality and equality of opportunities, and the philosophy of socialism is characterized by an understanding of social equality as equality of outcomes. As for equality of treatment, it can be considered a non-ideological characteristic.
Keywords: egalitarianism, equality as a moral value, social equality, justice, ideological paradigm, liberalism, socialism, conservatism.